Zurmala minorasi

Qadimgi Termizning qadimgi joyidan janubi-sharqda, Surxondaryo viloyatining markaziy shahriga olib boradigan yo’lning chetida, Zurmala minorasi deb nomlangan qoldiqlari ko’tarilgan. Arxeologlar azaldan tuzilishga qiziqishgan. 1926 yilda ular buddistaning stupasi bo’lishi kerak degan taklif bilan chiqishgan. 50 yil o’tgach amalga oshirilgan to’liq tadqiqotlar shuni ko’rsatdiki, bu Kushon podsholigining oltin asridan boshlangan ramziy inshootdir.
Vaqt o’tishi bilan minora katta vayronagarchiliklarni boshdan kechirgan bo’lsa-da, baribir kuchli taassurot qoldiradi. U 33×33 sm to’rtburchak g’ishtdan qurilgan bo’lib, g’ishtlarning har birida chiziq shaklida o’ziga xos shtamp va ikkita kichik chuqur bor. Arxeologlarning fikriga ko’ra, bunday g’ishtlar Baqtriyada faqat Kushonlar davrida, ya’ni milodiy III asrning boshlarida ishlatilgan. Keyingi davrda to’rtburchaklar g’isht ishlatilgan. Olimlarning hisob-kitoblariga ko’ra, stupani qurish uchun 120000 ga yaqin g’isht kerak bo’lgan. Derazasiz monolitik monolit g’isht konstruktsiyasining yuqori qismida kichik qoldiq kamerasi joylashgan.

Minora 22×11 metr maydonda turgan. Uning yon tomonlari kompasning to’rtta asosiy nuqtalari bilan to’liq moslashtirilgan edi. Stupaning silindrsimon tanasi diametri 14,5 metr va poydevoridan 13 metr balandlikda joylashgan. Shubhasiz, g’ishtdan sferik tepalikka o’tish. Stupa platformasi margel ohaktosh bilan qoplanganligi arxeologik jihatdan isbotlangan. Binoning etagida arxeologlar bir nechta tosh bloklar va profil tayanchlarini topdilar. Shuningdek, stupa g’isht g’ishtlari bilan to’qnashgan; ularning parchalarini hanuzgacha stupa atrofida topish mumkin. Stupa ibodatxona majmuasining bir qismi yoki shunchaki yolg’iz inshootmi, hozircha ma’lum emas.

Stupa buddistlarning asosiy va qadimiy ramzlaridan biridir. Tsurmala minorasi bo’lgan eng qadimiy stupalar g’isht va toshlardan qurilgan yarim shar shaklidagi inshootlar edi. Ularning shakli qadimgi qabrlardan olingan – dafn etilganlar va Buddaning o’limi va uning dafn marosimi – parinirvana (oxirgi transsendensiya). Aslida, sanskritcha stupa so’zi tom ma’noda “loy yoki toshlarning to’planishi” degan ma’noni anglatadi. Stupalar baland poydevorlarda aylanma qobiq bilan qurilgan. Stapaning yana bir keng tarqalgan maqsadi buddistlarning qoldiqlari langarga qo’yilgan joydir. Zurmalskaya stupasida “soyabon” bo’lgan shpil omon qolmadi. Ammo qadimiy Termizning qadimiy joyida joylashgan Qoratepadagi buddist g’or ibodatxonasidagi devor rasmlari Baqtriya stupalari qanday ko’rinishini ko’rsatib turibdi. Ular asosan pog’onali uch qavatli inshootlar bo’lib, tepasida gumbaz bor edi; gumbazlarning har birida “sharaf soyabonlari” bo’lgan shpil bor edi. Arxeologlar minora nisbatlarini tahlil qilish asosida Zurmala minorasining asl qiyofasi ushbu rasmlarga o’xshash degan xulosaga kelishdi. Eski Termiz yaqinidagi stupa O’rta Osiyoda topilgan birinchi buddaviy inshoot edi. Bugungi kunda ushbu mintaqada qirqqa yaqin buddaviy yodgorliklari mavjud va ularning yigirmatasi O’zbekistonda joylashgan.

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