Insoniyatga qarshi jinoyatlar uchun jazo. Fashistlarga qarshi olib borilgan Nyurnberg jarayoni tarixi

Bundan roppa-rosa 75 yil oldin, 1945 yil 20 noyabr kuni Germaniyaning Nyurnberg shahrida fashistlar Germaniyasining bir qator rasmiylari ustidan sud jarayoni boshlandi. Jarayon bir yil davom etdi va 1946 yilning 1 oktyabrida nihoyasiga yetdi. «Daryo» sana munosabati bilan jarayonga doir asosiy savollarga javob topishga harakat qiladi.

1939 yilda boshlangan Ikkinchi jahon urushi insoniyat tarixidagi eng qirgʻinbarot urush boʻldi. Yetti yil davom etgan harbiy harakatlar natijasida 60 milliondan ortiq odam halok boʻldi. Ularning aksariyati tinch aholi vakillari edi. 1945 yil 8 mayda Germaniya, 2 sentyabrda Yaponiyaning taslim boʻlishi bilan urush nihoyasiga yetdi.

Urushda aybdor deb topilgan Germaniya rahbarlarining bir qanchasi ustidan 1945 yilning 20 noyabr kuni Nyurnberg shahrida sud jarayoni boshlandi. Jarayonni yoritish uchun butun dunyodan 200 ga yaqin jurnalist tashrif buyurdi. Tarixda ilk bora xalqaro huquqda insoniyatga qarshi jinoyatlari uchun deb nomlangan tushuncha kiritildi.

Nyurnberg jarayonini tashkil etishga kimlar qaror berdi?Nemis fashistlari ustidan xalqaro tergov va sud jarayoni tashkil qilish masalasi ilk bora 1943 yil oktyabr oyida Moskvada oʻtgan ittifoqchilarning Moskva konferentsiyasida oʻrtaga tashlangan edi. Undan keyingi Qrim va Potsdam konferentsiyalarida ham bu jarayon haqida muhokamalar davom etdi.Mazkur ilk xalqaro tribunalni oʻtkazish boʻyicha qaror 1945 yil 8 avgust kuni AQSh, SSSR, Buyuk Britaniya va Frantsiya tomonidan London kelishuvi doirasida qabul qilindi. Aynan mana shu kelishuvda insoniyatga qarshi jinoyat tushunchasiga izoh berib oʻtildi. Sud jarayoni uchun toʻrt nafar sudya tayinlandi. Ular gʻolib boʻlgan toʻrt ittifoqchi davlatdan tashrif buyurgan sudyalar edi.

Asosiy javobgarlar kimlar edi?Salkam bir yil davom etgan tribunalda 22 nafar fashistlar ustidan ish koʻrib chiqildi. Ammo asosiy aybdorlar jarayondan «qutulib» qoldi. Bular 1945 yil 30 aprel kuni oʻz joniga qasd qilgan Adolf Gitler va 1 may kuni ayoli, farzandi va oʻzini oʻldrigan Jozef Gebbelslar edi.Jarayondagi eng asosiy aybdor esa Uchinchi Reyxning hamon hayotda boʻlgan quruvchilaridan biri, Gestaponing asoschisi va 1933 yildan buyon vazir boʻlgan German Gering boʻldi. Bundan tashqari, yana ikki nafar urush generallari Vermaxtning harbiy operatsiyalarga masʼuli Alfred Jodl va Vermaxt bosh qoʻmondoni 1945 yil 8 maydagi Germaniyaning taslim boʻlish haqidagi bitimini imzolagan Vilgelm Keytellar ham bor edi.Qolgan aybdorlar esa siyosiy va harbiy jabhada ikkinchi pogʻonadagi shaxslar edi. Ulardan biri Germaniyaning Buyuk Britaniyadagi sobiq elchisi, keyinchalik esa tashqi ishlar vaziri boʻlgan Yoaxim Fon Ribbentropdir. Natsistlarning kul rang kardinali deya nom chiqargan Martin Bormann ham sud jarayonida hukm etildi.Javobgarlarga qanday ayblovlar qoʻyilgan edi?Uchinchi Reyxning eng yuqori kadrlari asosan toʻrtta jinoyatda ayblandi. Bular fitna, urush jinoyati tinchlikka qarshi jinoyat va tarixda ilk bor insoniyatga qarshi jinoyat edi. Xalqaro harbiy tribunal Konstitutsiyasiga muvofiq ushbu yangi tamoyil «qotillik, qirgʻin, qullik, deportatsiya va boshqa har qanday tinch aholiga qarshi urushdan oldin yoki urush paytida sodir etilgan boshqa gʻayriinsoniy harakatlar; siyosiy, irqiy yoki diniy sabablarga koʻra taʼqib qilishni» oʻz ichiga oldi.

Tribunal raisi britaniyalik sudya Gofrey Lourens jarayon ochilishida nutq soʻzlab, mazkur jarayonning insoniyat tarixidagi oʻrni beqiyos ekanini taʼkidlaydi. Shuningdek, mazkur jarayon xalqaro huquqning poydevorini qoʻyishga imkon berdi. Jarayon, eng avvalo, urushdan jabr koʻrgan tinch aholi vakillariga qaratilgan jinoyatlarni koʻrib chiqdi. Yahudiylar masalasi esa bu jarayondan oʻrin olmadi. Yahudiylarga qarshi jinoyatlar 1961 yil Eyxman ishi doirasida koʻrib chiqildi.

Jarayon nega Nyurnbergda boʻlib oʻtdi?

Nyurnberg shahri Uchinchi Reyxning markaziy shahri edi. Sababi, aynan mana shu shaharda natsistlar partiyasining yillik yigʻinlari oʻtkazilar edi. Ushbu shaharda Uchinchi Reyxning quruvchilaridan biri deb hisoblanuvchi Alber Shpeyer tomonidan qurilgan stadionda partiyaning yillik yigʻilishlari, katta tadbirllar amalga oshirilar edi. Shu sababli ham qasos olingani ramzi sifatida ittifoqchilar sud jarayoni uchun ham shu shaharni tanladi.

Qanday hukmlar chiqarildi?

Nyurnberg jarayoni 1946 yil 1 oktyabr kuni nihoyasiga yetdi. Sudlanuvchilardan uch nafari oqlandi, yetti nafari turli muddatga qamoq jazosini olgan boʻlsa, 12 ta sudlanuvchi oʻlim jazosiga hukm etildi. Oʻlimga hukm etilganlar orasida Ribbentrop, Hans Frank, Keytel, Rozenberg, Kaltenbrunner, German Geringlar bor edi. Oʻlimga hukm etilganlarning oʻn bir nafari 1946 yil 16-otkabr kuni osib oʻldirildi. Faqatgina German Gering hukm ijrosidan bir kun oldin oʻz kamerasida joniga qasd qilib, qatldan «qutulib» qoldi.

Germaniyada 1946–1949 yillarda urushning qolgan aybdorlari shifokorlar, yuristlar, politsiya va armiyaning yuqori lavozimli kishilari ustidan boshqa sud jarayonlari oʻtkazildi. Bir qator natsistlar jazodan qutulib qolgan boʻlsa, baʼzilari yuqori lavozimini saqlab qoldi. Ular ichida eng yorqin misol natsistlarning xorijdagi targʻibotchisi boʻlgan Kurt Kizinger 1966–1969 yillarda Gʻarbiy Germaniyaning kantsleri lavozimida faoliyat olib bordi.

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