Jinoyat huquqida jazo tizimi

Mustaqil demokratik yoʻldan dadil odimlayotgan Oʻzbekistonning eng ulugʻ maqsadi, avvalo, xalqimiz manfaatlari koʻzlangan islohotlarni amalga oshirishga qaratilgani bilan eʼtiborlidir. Bu jihatlar Konstitutsiyamizda ham mustahkamlab qoʻyilgan. Jumladan, Bosh Qomusimizning II bob 13 moddasida “Oʻzbekiston Respublikasida demokratiya umuminsoniy printsiplarga asoslanadi, ularga koʻra inson, uning hayoti, erkinligi, shaʼni, qadr-qimmati va boshqa daxlsiz huquqlari oliy qadriyat hisoblanadi. Demokratik huquq va erkinliklar Konstitutsiya va Qonunlar bilan himoya qilinadi” deyilgan.
Mamalakatimizda inson manfaatlari ustinligi inobatga olinib, jazo tizimi ham qatiy belgilab qoʻyilgan. Bunda shaxsga nisbatan davlat majburlovining har qanday chorasi emas, balki amaldagi jinoyat qonunida koʻzda tutilgan jazo qoʻllanilishi lozim boʻladi.
Jinoyat qonuni normalarini tatbiq etish nazariyasi va amaliyotda ijtimoiy xavfli qilmish uchun jazolar roʻyxati (jazo tizimi) ga katta ahamiyat beriladi. Shu bois jinoyat kodeksining umumiy qismida shaxs kafolatlarini taʼminlovchi jazo tizimda nazarda tutilgan, chunki jinoyat qonunida koʻzda tutilgan muayyan jazolargina jinoyatchilikka qarshi kurashda tanlanishi hamda jinoyat sodir etgan shaxsga nisbatan qoʻllanilishi mumkin.
Oʻzbekiston Respublikasi Jinoyat kodeksining 43-moddasida koʻra jazo tizimi quyidagicha:
Ular quyidagilar: 1) jarima; 2) muayyan huquqdan mahrum qilish;
3) majburiy jamoat ishlari 4) ahloq tuzatish ishlari; 5) xizmat boʻyicha cheklash; 6) ozodlikni cheklash; 7) intizomiy qismga joʻnatish;
8) ozodlikdan mahrum qilish; 9) umrbod ozodlikdan maxrum qilish.
Jazo tizimi jinoyat huquqining umumiy printsiplariga asoslanadi, bu printsiplar: qonuniylik, fuqarolarning qonun oldida tengligi, demokratizm, insonparvarlik, odillik, ayb uchun javobgarlik, javobgarlikning muqarrarligi printsiplariga asoslanadi. Oʻzbekiston Respublikasi Jinoyat kodeksining 43-moddasida berilgan jazo tizimi rasmiy boʻlib, oʻrni, nomlanishini erkin ravishda oʻzgartirilishi mumkin emas. Mazkur moddadagi jazo tizimida har bir jazoning nomi tartib raqami, muayyan tartibda joylashtirilgan oʻrni bor. Ularning joylashgan oʻrni, nomini oʻzgartirish faqat Oʻzbekiston Respublikasi Oliy Majlisining qabul qilgan tegishli qonuni bilangina amalga oshiriladi.
Amaldagi Jinoyat kodeksining negizida yozilgan bir qator darsliklarda jazo tizimi ilmiy-nazariy jihatdan turlicha tarzda quyidagicha tartibda tahlil qilib berilgan. Masalan:
1. Faqat asosiy jazo sifatida tayinlanadigan jazolar;
2. Asosiy yoki qoʻshimcha jazo sifatida tayinlanadigan jazolar;
3. Faqat qoʻshimcha jazo sifatida tayinlanadigan jazolarga boʻlib koʻrsatishgan.
Asosiy jazolar – sodir etilgan jinoyat uchun asosiy jazo tariqasida mustaqil tayinlanishi mumkin boʻlgan jazolardir. Shu turdagi jazolar hech qachon boshqa qoʻshimcha jazolar sifatida tayinlanashi mumkin emasdir. Jinoyat kodeksida bir nechta asosiy jazolar nazarda tutilgan, biroq sud ularning faqat bittasinigina tayinlashi mumkin. Asosiy jazolarni biz yuqorida birma-bir sanab oʻtgan edik, shuning uchun takroran nomlarini keltirib oʻtish lozim topmadik.
Bizga yuqoridagi fikrlardan maʼlum boʻldiki, muayyan huquqdan mahrum qilish jazosi asosiy jazo sifatida ham qoʻshimcha jazo tariqasida ham tayinlanishi mumkin boʻlgan yagona jazodir.
Qoʻshimcha jazolar – bu turdagi jazolar jazoning maqsadiga erishishni taʼminlash uchun asosiy jazoga qoʻshib tayinlanadigan jazolardir. Mazkur jazolar hech qachon mustaqil ravishda tayinlanishi mumkin emas. Bu jazolarga harbiy yoki maxsus unvondan mahrum qilish va 2001 yil 29 avgustda jinoiy jazolarni liberallashtirilish munosabati bilan Jinoyat kodeksidan olib tashlangan mol-mulkni musodara qilish jazosi kiradi. Qoʻshimcha jazolar shunisi bilan xarakterliki, bu jazolar asosiy jazo sifatida tayinlanayotgan jazolarni toʻldiradi va ularga qoʻshib beriladi. Bu esa sodir qilingan jinoyatga odilona jazo tayinlash imkoniyatini beradi.

Xulosa, oʻrnida shuni taʼkidlab oʻtish joizdirki, har-bir jamiyat va davlatda yuz bergan ijtimoiy siyosiy oʻzgarishlar natijasida jazo tizimi, ularning joylashish tartibi, oʻz ahamiyatini yoʻqotganlarini bu tizimdan chiqarib tashlash yoki yangi jazo turining kiritilishiga taʼsir qiladi. Aynan shu jarayon vaqtida yuqorida misol tariqasida keltirib oʻtilgan xorijiy mamlakatlarining Jinoyat kodeksidagi aynan jazo tizimi institutida ottirgan boy tajribalaridan ham nafaqat hozirda, balki kelajakda ham foydalanish foydadan xoli emas. Zero, hech bir demokratik davlat boshqa mamlakatlarning bu boradagi boy tajribalaridan foydalanmasdan oʻz-oʻzicha jinoyat qonunini takomillashtirib borishi mushkuldir, degan fikrdamiz.

Surxondaryo viloyat sudi jinoyat ishlari boʻyicha sudlov hayʼati sudya katta yordamchisi M.Yoʻldosheva

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