Ma’lumki, shaharlar ilk sinfiy jamiyatlar davrida, ya’ni davlatlar bilan bir vaqtda paydo bo‘ladi. O‘rta Osiyo arxeologiyasida shaharlar va davlatlar o‘rtasidagi munosabat yetarlicha o‘rganilmagan. Shu sababdan shaharlar va davlatlarning paydo bo‘lishi va rivojlanishi borasida olimlar o‘rtasida yagona fikr yo‘q. So‘nggi bronza davri ilk shahar-yodgorliklarini ayrim tadqiqotchilar «bronza davrining urbanizatsiyalashgan qishloqlari», deb ta’riflashgan bo‘lsa, boshqalari shaharmonand (protogorod) deb ataydilar. Ilk temir davri shaharlarini ta’riflashda ham shu holat kuzatiladi. E.V. Rtveladze bu davr shaharlarini «shakllanayotgan shaharlar» toifasiga kiritsa, B.A. Litvinskiy «shaharlashayotgan qishloqlar» deb ta’riflaydi. Shaharlarning paydo bo‘lishi va rivojlanishi borasidagi olimlar o‘rtasidagi ilmiy munozaralarning asosiy sababi, shahar va davlatlarning paydo bo‘lishi va rivojlanishi masalasini alohida-alohida muammo sifatida o‘rganilishidadir. Bu tarixiy metodologik jihatdan noto‘g‘ri, chunki ilk shaharlar ilk davlatlarning markazi sifatida paydo bo‘ladi va ularning rivojlanib borishi ham o‘zaro bir – biriga bog‘liq. Shu nuqtai nazardan qaraganda shaharlar va davlatlarning paydo bo‘lishi va rivojlanishini quyidagi davrlarga bo‘lish maqsadga muvofiq bo‘ladi: 1. Dehqonchilik o‘lkalari doirasida tarkib topgan shaharlar (shahar-davlatlar). Bu davr shaharlari x.e.av. II. ming yillikda tashkil topgan. Qadimgi Baqtriya hududida o‘rganilgan Jarqo‘ton, Dashli I kabi yodgorliklar bu davr shahar – davlatlari bo‘lib, ularning o‘zaro munosabatlarini va bir – birlari bilan uzviy bog‘liqligini kuzatish mumkin. Ilk temir davrida Shimoliy Baqtriya hududida uchta dehqonchilik o‘lkasi bo‘lganligi, ularning markazlari (Qiziltepa, Jondavlattepa, Xaitobodtepa) arxeologik jihatdan aniqlanmoqda. Surxon dehqonchilik o‘lkasi Surxondaryoning o‘rta oqimi hududlarini birlashtirgan. Bu yerda Xaitobodtepa vohaning markazi vazifasini bajargan. Xaitobodtepa tashqi tuzilishi jihatidan Sherobod vohasining markazi Jondavlattepadan deyarli farq qilmaydi. U ham ark va shahar qismdan iborat bo‘lib, kuchli mudofaalangan shaharlar toifasiga kiradi. Xaitobodtepa yodgorligiga ham Qadimgi Baqtriya madaniyati davrida asos solingan. Xaitobodtepa shahristonining mudofaa devorlari hududida olib borilgan tadqiqotlar shuni ko‘rsatdiki, uning mudofaa devori 5 metr qalinlikda bo‘lib, yirik to‘g‘ri to‘rt burchakli g‘ishtlardan terilgan (50-58x30x12-14 sm). Mudofaa devor 8 metr qalinlikdagi, 1,5 metr balandlikdagi, paxsadan qurilgan poydevor ustida qurilganligi Qadimgi Baqtriya madaniyati fortifikatsiyasida yangilik sifatida e’tirof etilgan. Xaitobodtepa atrofida ham Bandixonsoytepa kabi qishloq tipidagi yodgorliklar joylashgan. Kuchuk I davrida voha markazini bajargan yodgorliklar keyingi tarixiy jarayonlarda, ya’ni Qadimgi Baqtriya madaniyati davrida o‘z siyosiy mavqeini yo‘qotib boradi. Negaki, ular joylashgan geografik o‘rniga o‘ra noqulay, kichik suv o‘zanlarida joylashgan. Qadimgi Baqtriya madaniyati davrida katta daryolar bo‘ylarida joylashgan yodgorliklar kuchayib, yangi siyosiy markazlarning paydo bo‘lishini kuzatamiz. Sherobod dehqonchilik o‘lkasida Sherobod daryosi bo‘yida joylashgan Jondavlattepa, Surxondaryo bo‘yida joylashgan Xaitobodtepa yodgorliklarining paydo bo‘lishi jarayonini kuzatishimiz mumkin. O‘rta Osiyo hududlarida Qadimgi Baqtriya, «Katta Xorazm» podshohliklarining vujudga kelishi va bu podshohliklarning Ahamoniylar imperiyasi tarkibiga kirishi bilan shaharlar taraqqiyotining ushbu bosqichi boshlanadi. Markazlashgan davlatlar hududi juda keng bo‘lib, bir va bir necha o‘lkalarni o‘z ichiga oladi. Bu davrga kelib, shaharlar toifalarga ajrala boshlaydi. Markazlashgan davlat yoki imperiya poytaxtlari sifatidagi shaharlar (Suz, Persopol), markazlashgan davlat hududidagi satraplik markazlari (Baqtr). Satrapliklar hududidagi shaharlarni siyosiy mavqeiga va iqtisodiy imkoniyatiga qarab katta yoki kichik shaharlarga ajratish mumkin (Afrosiyob, Qiziltepa, Xaitobodtepa, Ko‘ktepa kabi). Shaharlarning ark va shahar qismi ham mudofaa devorlari bilan o‘rab olinganligi va ayni vaqtda chuqur va keng handaqlarning ham qazilganligining guvohi bo‘lamiz (Xaitobodtepa, Qiziltepa). Shaharlarning mudofaa devorlari poydevorlar ustiga qurilib, devor qalinligi 5 metrgacha boradi. Mudofaa devorlariga burjlar o‘rnatilib, shaharlarning mudofaa qudrati yanada oshirilgan. Devorlar ham, burjlar ham shinaklar bilan ta’minlangan. O‘rta Osiyo arxeologiyasida mudofaa devorilarga burjlar o‘rnatish bronza davridan ma’lum bo‘lsa-da, ularga shinaklar qo‘yish ilk marotaba Qadimgi Baqtriya madaniyati davrida kashf etilganligi shu davrda mudofaa ishlariga alohida e’tibor berilganligiga yana bir bor ishoradir.
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